USB ports and cables have tons of potential capabilities, but making sense of them can be tricky if you don’t know where to look.
Engadget
USB is supposed to be a consistent connection. But as the connector and underlying interfaces have evolved over the decades, it’s more confusing than ever to know what a given USB port or cable is capable of. Some offer ultra-fast data transfers, while others can power an external display. Older USB ports are still fine for connecting devices that aren’t reliant on speed. But unfortunately, the icons that represent these standards are rarely clear on their own.
While it’s far too messy to dissect into every little update USB has seen, you can still make sense of it all using a few easy checks. Knowing what’s underneath a connector or port gives you confidence when buying a new laptop or cable. It also helps you optimize which devices are plugged into which slots so you don’t waste time on sub-optimal transfer times.
Next time you look at your USB devices, you’ll know how to make sense of these identifiers.
USB 2 and 3: Trident symbol basics
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The USB trident logo has been used since the standard was introduced in the late 1990s. When seen alone, it usually denotes USB 2.0, which debuted in 2000 and is the oldest iteration still in use. While marketed as “High Speed” upon release, its 480Mbps bandwidth is slow by today’s expectations. USB 2.0 ports and cables are only recommended for connecting devices like mice and keyboards that don’t benefit from faster transfers.
The following revision, USB 3, went through several updates and name adjustments from the USB Implementers Forum (IF) group that manages the standard. Initially, USB 3.0 (5Gbps bandwidth) became available in 2008. Then USB 3.1 (10Gbps bandwidth) arrived in 2013, followed by USB 3.2 (20Gbps) rolling out in 2017. USB 3.0 was also called “SuperSpeed” (SS), with USB 3.1 adopting “SuperSpeed+” (SS+), and USB 3.2 going by the clunky “SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps.” These generations’ trident logo was accompanied by “SS” and the corresponding number showing its speed in gigabits/second.
As these evolutions occurred, the USB IF renamed them, adding more confusion. There were “gen” titles, like “USB 3.2 Gen 1×1” used for USB 3.0, which have thankfully since been retired. As of 2022, the naming has settled on USB 5Gbps, USB 10Gbps, and USB 20Gbps for what were originally 3.0, 3.1, and 3.2 respectively.
Understanding USB port colors
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In addition to symbols, colors are sometimes used to denote different kinds of USB connections. Black or white is used for USB 2.0 connections. Otherwise, the only other official color, and thus the most frequently seen, is blue. Usually, blue signifies a USB 5Gbps (originally USB 3.0) connection, but some manufacturers use it for the later USB 3 generations.
Red ports, while not as common, usually signify either USB 10Gbps (originally USB 3.1) or USB 20Gbps (originally USB 3.2). Also, red ports typically provide power even when your computer is turned off. Yellow ports, similarly, can be USB 2.0 or USB 5Gbps and provide power even when the PC is shut down. You might even see purple USB connections, though these are limited to specific manufacturers.
Today, companies that create USB devices are encouraged to use symbols instead of colors. There is no approved meaning for any colors aside from white, black, and blue. Symbols make it easier for you to know what a USB device is for without having to guess or look at a user manual.
Today: Moving to USB4
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The newest standard is USB4, which has seen two generations thus far. The original version from 2019 is capable of reaching either 20Gbps or 40Gbps. Its official marketing names, USB 20Gbps and USB 40Gbps, match the USB 3 revisions discussed earlier. Its logo is the USB trident next to either 20 or 40, plus a half-circle.
USB4 2.0 (a change from USB 3’s original naming convention) arrived in 2022. It can handle throughputs of 80Gbps and is accordingly labeled USB 80Gbps. Importantly, USB4 is limited to USB-C connectors. That doesn’t mean all USB-C cables are fast, however. Just like USB-A, USB-C is merely the connection type, with varying standards underneath.
It’s impressive to consider how far USB speeds have come. Consider transferring 100GB of data in a best-case scenario. Over USB 2.0, this would take around 28 minutes. Using USB 5Gbps (USB 3.0), that time drops to two minutes and 40 seconds. And with USB4, the move would be done in 20 seconds.
Other important USB symbols
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Along with the core USB markings and speed indicators, various icons on USB ports and cables denote other functionality. One is Thunderbolt, which has a logo that’s a lightning bolt with an arrowhead. It started off using Mini DisplayPort, but since Thunderbolt 3 has used USB-C. Thunderbolt cables, which are more expensive, can do everything USB-C is potentially capable of, including high-speed transfers, video output, and adaptive charging. It’s thus helpful to think of modern Thunderbolt connections like a guarantee of minimum capabilities. For example, Thunderbolt 4 devices must be able to output to two 4K displays; USB4 supports video output, but has no such resolution guarantee.
A battery icon behind the USB logo (sometimes “PD” text or a battery icon instead) means it supports Power Delivery, a functionality that smartly charges your battery depending on its needs. This is the port you should use to charge your laptop using a compatible USB-C cable. USB-C is also an option for video output using DisplayPort Alt Mode; compatible ports are typically marked by the DisplayPort logo.
There are three aspects to understanding what a USB connection is capable of: its connector type, speed standard, and additional features. If the labeling isn’t clear on a device, check the manual or spec sheet. When buying a cable, be sure to read the details carefully; good cables will be properly labeled, while cheap ones will likely use vague language.
